Risk assessment for consumer exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) derived from polyurethane flexible foam

Biological monitoring of TDI-derived amines in polyurethane foam production.

BACKGROUND Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is used in industry in the production of flexible polyurethane foam, commonly a mixture of the 2,4- and 2,6- isomers. The production process may lead to exposure to diisocyanates which are associated with respiratory disease. A method has been available for the determination of TDI biomarkers in urine for some years. AIMS To explore the usefulness of urin...

Two cases of paraoccupational asthma due to toluene diisocyanate (TDI).

Two cases of paraoccupational asthma caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are reported. The first patient was a metal worker in a machine shop situated near a factory producing polyurethane foam. Symptoms at work were not explainable by any specific exposure to irritants or allergens in the work site. As the patient recalled previous occasional work in the adjacent polyurethane factory with acc...

Mortality of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate in the polyurethane foam industry.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate cancer mortality among United States workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the manufacture of polyurethane foam. METHODS This cohort mortality study included 4611 men and women employed in four polyurethane foam plants for at least three months between the late 1950s and 1987. The mortality experience of the cohort was then compared with that of the general Un...

Protein adducts as biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates in workers manufacturing polyurethane (PUR) foam.

This work was undertaken to investigate the usefulness of diisocyanate-related protein adducts in blood samples as biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI; 2,4- and 2,6-isomers) and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Quantification of adducts as toluene diamines (TDAs) and methylenedianiline (MDA) was performed on perfluoroacylated derivatives by gas chromatogra...

Experimental model of asthma by toluene diisocyanate (TDI).